The one about the birds is an emotional appeal.
The one about the Turbo Brown is association (It's not scientific, emotional, or expert opinion, if it was then it would make no sense at all).
The one According to Morten Olsen is expert opinion (Because it is according to someone).
And lastly, the Artic Sea one is scientific data (because it is stating facts that aren't according to anyone).
I hope this helps you properly. :) Cheers~
